1. The entire machinery of administration was bureaucratic, totally unconcerned about public opinion in India.
2. There was no separation of functions, and all the authority for the governance of India, civil and military, executive and legislative, was vested in the Secretary of State.
3. The administration of the country was unitary and rigidly centralized.
4. The Council of India established under this act had Indian representatives as nominees.
Which of the following statements are correct?
a) 1 and 4 only
b) 2, 3 and 4 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 2 only
Ans. c
» The British Crown assumed sovereignty over India from the East India Company.
Parliament enacted the first statute for the governance of India under the direct rule of the British Government, the Government of India Act, 1858.
» The entire machinery of administration was bureaucratic, totally unconcerned about public opinion in India.
» There was no separation of functions, and all the authority for the governance of India, civil and military, executive and legislative, was vested in the Governor-General in Council who was responsible to the Secretary of State.
» The control of the Secretary of State over the Indian administration was absolute.
» The administration of the country was not only unitary but rigidly centralised.
The Provincial Governments were mere agents of the Government of India and had to function under the superintendence, direction and control of the Governor-General in all matters relating to the government of the Province.
» By this Act, the powers of the Crown were to be exercised by the Secretary of State for India, assisted by a Council of fifteen members (known as the Council of India).
» The Council was composed exclusively of people from England, some of whom were nominees of the Crown while others were the representatives of the Directors of the East
Q.2. Which of the following Acts is notable for its object, explained by the Secretary of State for India:
“…to widen the basis and expand the functions of the Government of India, and to give further opportunities to the non-official and native elements in Indian society to take part in the work of the Government.”
a) Morley Minto reforms, 1909
b) Government of India act, 1919
c) Government of India Act, 1935
d) Indian Councils Act 1892
Ans: (d)
These were the words of the Secretary, John Wodehouse.
Two major improvements were introduced by the Indian Councils Act, 1892:
(a) The non official members of the Indian Legislative Council were henceforth to be nominated by the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and the Provincial Legislative Councils, while the non-official members of the Provincial Councils were to be nominated by certain local bodies such as universities, district boards, municipalities.
(b) The Councils were to have the power of discussing the annual statement of revenue and expenditure, i.e. the Budget and of addressing questions to the Executive.
Thus this act introduced representatives from India.
Q.3. Consider the following statements regarding the Government of India Act 1909:
1. Created executive councils in the provinces of Bombay, Madras and West-Bengal.
2. Introduced the office of a ‘Vice-President’ at both the centre and the provinces.
3. Established representative form of government in its true sense.
4. System of communal representation was introduced for Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans.
Which of the following statements are correct?
a) 1, 2 and 4 only
b) 1 and 4 only
c) 1 and 2 only
d) 2, 3 and 4 only
Ans. c
» It created executive councils in the provinces of Bombay, Madras and West-Bengal. It also introduced the office of a ‘Vice-President’ at both at the centre and the provinces. The Indians were not happy with the rules and regulations that spelt out the details especially the introduction of separate electorates on the basis of religion which they viewed as divisive. Other aspects of the Act that disappointed the Indian nationalists was limited franchise and unreasonable qualifications required to stand for elections.
This act did not establish representative form of govt.
» It introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims by
accepting the concept of ‘separate electorate’.
» The principle of communal representation was extended to Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans, by GOI Act 1919.
Q.4. With reference to Montague – Chelmsford reforms which of the following statements are correct?
1. The Council of India was abolished and the structure of government was de-centralised.
2. Provincial budgets were separated from the Central budget and it authorised the provincial legislatures to enact their budgets.
3. Apart from Dyarchy, bicameralism and direct elections in the country were introduced.
Choose from the codes given below:
a) 1 and 3 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1, 2 and 3
d) None of the above
Ans. b
» The Council of India was abolished by the GoI act 1935. By the GoI act 1919, the central and provincial legislatures were authorised to make laws on their respective list of subjects.
» However, the structure of government continued to be
centralised and unitary
« It separated, for the first time, provincial budgets from the Central budget and authorised the provincial legislatures to enact their budgets.
» Dual scheme of governance was known as ‘dyarchy’ was introduced.
The provincial subjects were divided into two parts transferred and reserved.
» It introduced, for the first time, bicameralism and direct elections in the country
Additional Info:
=>. It required that the three of the six members of the Viceroy’s executive
Council (other than the commander-in-chief) were to be Indian.
=> It granted franchise to a limited number of people on the basis of property, tax or education
=> It created a new office of the High Commissioner for India in London and transferred to him some of the functions which were earlier performed by the Secretary of State for India.
=> It provided for the establishment of a public service commission.
=> It provided for the appointment of a statutory commission to inquire into and report on its working after ten years of its coming into force.
Q.5. Consider the following statements regarding Government of India Act 1935:
1. It was a result of discussions and deliberations of three round table conferences held during 1930-1932.
2. Except for the National Liberal Federation most political parties in India took a positive view of the Act.
3. Governor enjoyed critical emergency powers.
4. This Act extended the provisions of separate electorate to depressed class.
Which of the following statements are incorrect?
a) 2 and 3 only
b) 2 and 4 only
c) All of the above
d) 3 only
Ans. b
» To consider the proposals of the Simon commission, the British Government convened three round table conferences. Except for the National Liberal Federation, most political parties in India took a negative view of the Act.
» Governor enjoyed critical emergency powers. Separate electorates were provided for Muslims, Sikhs and others, but not to Depressed Classes.
Additional Info:
On the basis of three round table discussions, a ‘White Paper on Consitutional Reforms’ was prepared and submitted for the consideration of the Joint Select Committee of the British Parliament.
The recommendations of this committee were incorporated (with certain changes) in the next Government of Inida Act of 1935.
The Indian National Congress called it a ‘slave constitution that attempted to strengthen and perpetuate the economic bondage of India’.
Some of the key features of the Act were:
The creation of a ‘Federation of India’ that consisted of two levels: a central executive and parliament, and below it, provinces and princely states.
It discarded the ‘dyarchy’ system at the provincial level and allowed for the emergence of popularly elected provincial legislatures. Dyarchy was introduced at the central level, key subjects like defence and foreign affairs were under the direct control of the Governor General.
A federal court was established.
The franchise was expanded to 14% of the population from 3%.
Q.6. Consider the following statements:
1. The interim government 1946-47 functioned according to the Government of India Act of 1919.
2. The interim cabinet had representatives from the Muslim league.
Which of the following statements are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans. c
A federal scheme had been visualised under the Government of India Act of 1935, but this component was never implemented due to the opposition from India’s princely states. As a result, the interim government functioned according to the older Government of India Act of 1919.
The interim Govt. had members from Congress and AIML
Some of the important portfolios by AIM were:
Commerce: Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar
Finance: Liaquat Ali Khan
Health: Ghazanfar Ali Khan
Law: Jogendra Nath Mandal
Posts and Air: Abdur Rab Nishtar
Q.7. Which of the following has been empowered to inspect the books of accounts of financial intermediaries in India ?
a. BSE
b. CAG
c. SEBI
d. Ministry of Finance
Ans. c
Powers and Functions of SEBI
» SEBI is a quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial body which can draft regulations, conduct inquiries, pass rulings and impose penalties.
» It functions to fulfill the requirements of three categories –
- Issuers – By providing a marketplace in which the issuers can increase their finance.
- Investors – By ensuring safety and supply of precise and accurate information.
- Intermediaries – By enabling a competitive professional market for intermediaries.
» By Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014, SEBI is now able to regulate any money pooling scheme worth Rs. 100 cr. or more and attach assets in cases of non-compliance.
SEBI Chairman has the authority to order "search and seizure operations". SEBI board can also seek information, such as telephone call data records, from any persons or entities in respect to any securities transaction being investigated by it.
» SEBI perform the function of registration and regulation of the working of venture capital funds and collective investment schemes including mutual funds.
» It also works for promoting and regulating self-regulatory organizations and prohibiting fraudulent and unfair trade practices relating to securities markets.
Q.8. Who was the president of the Constituent assembly ?
a. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
b. Dr. Rajendra Prasad
c. Dr. BR Ambedkar
d. C. Rajagopalchari
Ans. b
WORKING OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
» The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946. The Muslim League boycotted the meeting and insisted on a separate state of Pakistan. The meeting was, thus, attended by only 211 members.
» Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha, the oldest member, was elected as the temporary President of the Assembly, following the French practice. Later, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the Assembly. Similarly, both H.C. Mukherjee and V.T. Krishnamachari were elected as the Vice-Presidents of the Assembly. In other words, the Assembly had two Vice-Presidents. [Laxmi kant]
Q.9. Forming cooperatives is a fundamental right under Article
a. 19 (1) (a)
b. 19 (2) (a)
c. 19 (1) (b)
d. 19 (1) (c)
Ans. d
Article 19(1) in The Constitution Of India 1949
(1) All citizens shall have the right
(a) to freedom of speech and expression;
(b) to assemble peaceably and without arms;
(c) to form associations or unions;
(d) to move freely throughout the territory of India;
(e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and
(f) omitted
(g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.
The Union Home and Cooperation Minister attended the celebrations organized on the occasion of 100th International Day of Cooperatives in New Delhi.
More on news
• The celebrations were organized by the Ministry of
Cooperation and the National Cooperative Union of India
(NCUI).
• NCUI is the apex organisation representing the entire cooperative movement in the country. It was established in 1929 as All India Cooperative Institutes Association and was reorganized in 1961.
• The main theme of the event was “Building a Self-Reliant India
and a Better World through Co-operatives”.
Steps taken to strengthen the cooperative movement in India
• Ministry of Cooperation: The ministry has been established to "provide a separate administrative, legal and policy framework for strengthening the cooperative movement".
• The Banking Regulation (Amendment) Act, 2020: It gives the RBI powers to supersede boards of the Cooperative banks and allows Cooperative banks to raise money via public issue and private placement, of equity or preference shares.
• The National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation (NAFED) to assist the Marketing Co-operatives in the States to develop their marketing business and to help them render better services to their members.
• The National Co-operative Development Corporation (NCDC): It was set up in 1963. It provides assistance to schemes of marketing, processing, storage, and practicing in a share capital of cooperative sugar, cooperative spinning & weaving mills, in the form of loans and subsidies.
• Annulment of 97th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2011 by the Supreme Court: The Act amended Article 19(1)(c) to give protection to the cooperatives and inserted Article 43 B and Part IX B, relating to them. The Court declared that Part IXB of the Constitution is operative only insofar as it concerns Multi-State cooperative societies both within the various States and in the Union Territories.
• Part IXB of the Constitution dictated the terms for running co-operative societies.
Q.10. Amending the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Rules, 2011, now individuals can send up to __________ without informing the government ?
a. ₹10 lakh
b. ₹25 lakh
c. ₹50 lakh
d. ₹80 lakh
Ans. a
Recently, the Central Government notified the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Rules, 2022 to reduce compliance burden on citizens.
• Amending the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Rules, 2011, now individuals can send up to ₹10 lakh without informing the government.
• If the amount exceeds ₹10 lakh, the individuals will have three months to inform the government against 30 days earlier.
• The entities that can receive this includes political parties, legislature members, election candidates, government servants, judges, journalists, and media houses- who were all barred earlier from receiving foreign contribution.
• The time limit prescribed for intimation to Central Government for application of obtaining ‘registration’ or ‘prior permission’ under the FCRA to receive funds has been increased from 15 days to 45 days.
• Also, in a separate notification, the list of compoundable offences under FCRA was increased to 12 from 7.
• Compoundable offences are those where the complainant can agree to take back the charges levied against the accused.
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